Discrimination And The Death Penalty Essays - Capital Punishment

Separation And The Death Penalty Essays - Capital Punishment Separation And The Death Penalty Separation and the Death Penalty By Katie Matthews Twenty years have past since this court pronounced that capital punishment must be forced decently, and with sensible consistency, or not in any manner, and, in spite of the exertion of the states and courts to devise lawful equations and procedural standards to address this overwhelming difficulty, capital punishment stays laden with discretion, separation, impulse and misstep. Equity Harry Blackmun, Feb. 22, 1994. The death penalty is one of the most far from being obviously true subjects, in American culture. Defenders of capital punishment trust it is justiceretribution for the wrongdoings submitted. The explanation underlining Americans' staggering help of executions is generally retribution. We accept that most genuine wrongdoings merit the most genuine discipline, as we review the announcement from the Old Testament, tit for tat, a tooth for a tooth, standard. At the point when we catch wind of a killer, once in a while would we like to comprehend what drove him to kill; all the more regularly, we wish to slaughter him. It is hard to comprehend that the wrath we feel toward a killer, which drives us to advocate execution, is indistinguishable from the desire for vengeance the killer feels for what he accepts to be the terrible shameful acts throughout his life. Our craving to tame the core of the killer is very restricted. We feel as dangerous toward them as they do toward those they have executed. We wish either to execute or torment them. This makes a killer, in the event that he is detained, considerably progressively dangerous. Similarly as the killer's homicide achieves n othing, so too capital punishment has not at all diminished homicide. The legal framework was made in order to provide equity for all individuals. In spite of the fact that developments, for example, Civil Rights and Black Power have occurred to guarantee equity for all, segregation despite everything exists in our legal framework. The death penalty is applied in an unreasonable, self-assertive and oppressive way. For whatever length of time that it stays a piece of our punitive framework, it will be utilized excessively against poor people, racial minorities, and the individuals who had gotten insufficient legitimate portrayal. The accompanying article will cover how bigotry is applied in capital punishment; the methods for tact that the appointed authorities and jury use; and how the poor are oppressed because of their absence of appropriate gathering. Considerably under the most refined capital punishment resolutions, race keeps on assuming a significant job in figuring out who will live and who will kick the bucket. Equity Harry Blackmun All through American history, capital punishment has fallen lopsidedly on racial minorities. From 1930, the main year for which insights are promptly accessible from the Bureau of Justice Statistics, to 1967, 3,859 people were executed under common purview in the United States. During this time of almost 50 years, over half (54%) of those executed were dark, 45 percent were white, and the staying one percent were individuals from other racial gatherings (see fig. 1). Somewhere in the range of 1930 and 1976 about 90% of those executed for the wrongdoing of assault in this nation were African-Americans . Somewhere in the range of 1930 and 1996, 4220 detainees were executed in the U.S.; the greater part (53%) were dark . At present, about half of those on the countries demise lines are from minority populaces speaking to 20% of the nation's populace. In 1972, the U.S. Incomparable Court upset existing capital punishment rules to some degree on account of the threat that those being chosen to kick the bucket were picked out of racial preference. Governing bodies received the passing condemning methods that should take out the impact of race from the demise condemning procedure. That was one of the grounds on which the Supreme Court governed capital punishment illegal in Furman. Be that as it may, proof of racial separation in the use of the death penalty proceeds. About 40% of those executed since 1976 have been dark, in spite of the fact that blacks comprise just 12% of the populace. What's more, in pretty much every capital punishment case, the race of the casualties is white (see fig. 2). A year ago alone, 89% of the capital punishments completed included white casualties, despite the fact that half of the murders in America have been dark casualties . Of the considerable number of executions that have happened since capital punishment was reestablished in 1976, just one has included a white

Cando processes of globalization help alleviate poverty Essay

Cando procedures of globalization help ease destitution - Essay Example (Aart, 2005) There are additionally sources that utilization modernization as an equivalent for globalization, and it is now and then subsumed under progression, Neoliberalism, and post-innovation. Globalization might be viewed as a structure, a procedure, a philosophy, or a mix of these. Defenders of globalization consider it to be, A power which is advantageous to all, people and states, in all pieces of the world (George& Wilding, 2002). Rivals of globalization see it as good for the upper gatherings in the public arena, to the worldwide organizations and the prosperous world; and as inconvenient as per the general inclination of open needs, and as a power for the propagation and highlight of imbalances inside and between gatherings of nations to serve multinationals and the privileged societies. Its consistent accentuation on expanded seriousness includes a race to the base. Various elements have prompted the procedure called globalization. As huge companies started differentiating their items and administrations by purchasing up littler endeavors for the most part for securities exchange, annual expense or other money related advantages they became aggregates. By then converging with comparable regularly abroad combinations, they became immense global elements known as MNCs (Multinational Corporations). The monetary breakdown of the Soviet Union gave further stimulus to globalization the same number of outside firms rushed to set up units in supposed economies on the move. Organized commerce understandings of different sorts additionally bolstered this procedure. MNCs now represent between a quarter and 33% of the world's yield, 70 percent of world exchange and 80 percent of direct worldwide venture. Maybe more significantly, global money related organizations, including help offices, put conditions on their guide or advances. The World Bank, for instance, has its impact by requesting open exchange channels as a condition for money related assistance. Indeed, even the fractional joining of Europe and the presentation of the Euro made business across previous limits simpler, and thusly, MNCs are progressively sorting out creation and administration arrangements on a worldwide premise (Held and McGrew, 2003). The International Monetary Fund firmly advocates less or no administration mediation in the economy, however its preconditions for credits have developed from around twelve to more than eighty, in this way directing the financial arrangements of nations helpless against its limitations. The exercises of global banks and help programs like the IMF, the World Trade Organization and World Bank are not without quick ramifications for working individuals, and especially for poor people. The job and exercises of a portion of these associations merit citing: The World Trade Organization was planned as a gathering place where willing countries could sit in uniformity and arrange rules of exchange for their common bit of leeway, in the administration of maintainable global turn of events.

Ethnographic Essay Topics - 4 Guidelines to Help You Write Ethnographic Papers

Ethnographic Essay Topics - 4 Guidelines to Help You Write Ethnographic PapersEthnographic essay topics range from simple to complex; from scientific and theoretical in nature to geographical and historical. But when it comes to knowing the rules of writing an ethnographic essay, it is important to know the proper way to go about it, so that it will look the best.Know Your Objective - The first thing you need to do is figure out your topic. You need to have an idea of what you would like to say before you start researching or writing the essay. Take into consideration the purpose of your essay, how long it will take you to complete, what background research methodology you are going to use, how big your target audience is, and how much you would like to go into the content of your paper.Practice it - Once you have a firm idea of what you want to say, the next step is to begin thinking about the method and format of your work. Since your topic might be very large, you will not only ha ve to write long pieces but also ones that are too short. In order to write one that is readable, check out the types of essays that you already know how to write and choose one of those that works for your topic. Be sure to make changes and corrections based on your learning, as well as the feedback of your peers and teachers.Practice is the Only Way to Learn - Even with the full knowledge of how to write, you cannot learn anything if you do not practice. With many examples in the form of novels, memoirs, journalistic works, and the like, there is no reason why you cannot become familiar with the forms used by others. Use the books, journals, and other published pieces that you may see as a practice, and incorporate some of your own ideas. This way, even if you are not good at writing, you can still learn. And when you feel that you are ready to move on to writing ethnographic essays, you can even pick up a short story or novel that uses some of the things you learned in class.Keep an Eye on the Past - This is the most interesting way to come up with new and innovative techniques and make them fit with the current times. As time goes by, you will see that the trends of writing can be quite consistent, so keep track of these trends in your writing. From here, you can use these trends to write on your own, which is quite valuable when you are aiming for publication.Use Research - It is not all that important that you can explain every single point you are making, as long as you can at least offer your readers a basic overview of what is being discussed. That will go a long way when writing a lot of ethnographic essays, since you will not have time to go through each and every aspect. All you need to do is read between the lines, do a bit of research, and even try to gather the data yourself.Do the Research - Sometimes, your research can be something more than just asking some people what they think. After you have finished with the ethnographic essay topic you have chosen, it is important to do some other research on the same thing. Read magazines, blogs, newspapers, and the likes. These can give you insight on what is going on in the world and make your research more impressive.Remember to keep it easy - This is the most important rule to remember when writing ethnographic essays. Yes, you should write fast but you should also write straightforwardly and avoid being too clever. Remember that the writer's job is to convey the meaning of the message he or she wrote, without being too descriptive, using little slang, or making it sound like it is coming from a child. You will gain a lot of success in this field if you keep these tips in mind.

Summary Of The By Scott Foresman Addison Wesley

Charles, R. I. (2002). Math. Glenview, IL: Scott Foresman Addison Wesley. This book is a teacher edition and it discusses how you can teach math lessons. This book is volume 1 and it has 6 chapters those include: Numbers to 12 and Graphing, Addition and Subtraction Readiness, Addition and Subtraction Concepts, Facts and Strategies to 12, Geometry and Fractions, and More Fact Strategies. This books provides examples of how you can incorporate technology and assess students. Contestable, J. W. (1995). Number power. a cooperative approach to mathematics and social development. Menlo Park, CA: Innovative Learning Publications, Addison-Wesley Pub. Co. This book has activities that focus on including math and social development together to†¦show more content†¦Chicago, IL: Everyday Learning Corporation. This book is a teacher s manual that correlates with the math workbook that is written above. It provides additional math lessons and describes how partner and small group cen benefit student learning. It also uses geometric shapes like that having students the draw a circle or square around certain objects. Breyfogle, L., Lynch, C. (2010). Van Hiele Revisited. Mathematics Teaching in the Middle School, 16. doi:10.1075/ps.5.3.02chi.audio.2f This article provides a description, example, and a teacher activity of all the 5 Van Hiele levels. The more experience children have with the levels the better they can develop and move on to the next level. Teacher need to monitor student progress so they can provide adequate instruction to move on. Mason, M. (1992). The van Hiele Levels of Geometric Understanding. Professional Handbook for Teachers. doi:10.1107/s0108768104025947/bm5015sup1.cif This article discusses frequently asked questions about the Van Hiele levels which is great for teachers and parents. For example, it describes that students can’t skip levels because they have to understand the previous one in order to move on. Progress is determined by educational experiences rather than age. Geometry Content taught at grade level: Iowa Core. (2008). Retrieved April 07, 2017, from https://iowacore.gov/ This shows all the Iowa Core standards and it states specifically what theShow MoreRelatedOrganizational Behavior Analysis4231 Words   |  17 Pagesis what is what is generally referred as organizational culture. (Lee and Yu, 2004). Organizational culture is a meaning open to a great variety of definitions, due to the different research context that various writers looked into. It is the summary of commonly adopted opinions, customs, and patterns preserved by the employees (Hai, 1986) and instructed to newcomers (Hampden Turner, 1990) and has to do with the unparalleled class of the corporation (Kilmann, Saxton, Sepra et al, 1985) or as DealRead MoreEssay on Understanding Change15189 Words   |  61 Pagesgroup level 1.5.3 Intervention strategies at the organizational level 1.6 Creativity and Volition: a Critical Theory of Change 1.6.1 Conflict, flux, and change 1.6.2 People are active agents 1.6.3 The critique of the spectator view of knowledge 1.7 Summary Study questions Exercises Further reading References 4 6 6 7 8 13 16 18 20 22 24 24 25 28 28 29 30 33 35 35 36 36 4 UNDERSTANDING CHANGE 1.1 Introduction This chapter lays the framework for this book by arguing that organizational changeRead MorePersuasive Communication Theory9998 Words   |  40 Pagesgained considerable insight into some of the cognitive processes that are at work during and Persuasive Communication Theory Page 13 after exposure to a persuasive communication, and into the practical aspects of constructing an effective message. SUMMARY This chapter provided a brief historical perspective on persuasive communication theory in social psychology. No attempt was made to discuss all theoretical developments in detail as this task would require a book in itself. Instead, the focus wasRead MoreInterpersonal Communication8395 Words   |  34 PagesObjectives Importance of Interpersonal Communication Two-Person Communication Communication Climates Degree of Formality Interviews Small Group Communication Office Etiquette and Public Relations Summary Review Questions Discussion Questions Problems Readings 　 　 OBJECTIVES After studying this chapter, you should be ableRead MoreUnethical Behaviour12228 Words   |  49 Pageshealthy life balance and self-image. According to Burke (2006), having personal confidantes is invaluable in the leadership role. Without social support, leaders become distanced from reality, isolated, and vulnerable to ethical leadership failure. In summary, unethical behavior of leaders, like the circulating storm winds within a tornado, results from intrapersonal and interpersonal dynamics interacting with various follower and situational dimensions. International Journal of Leadership Studies,Read MoreSarasvathy, Causation and Effectuation-Toward a Theoretical Shift from Economic Inevitability to14504 Words   |  59 Pagesthat led to the development of the ideas in this article. I also thank Herb Simon, Anil Menon, and Lester Lave for their invaluable conversation, and the anonymous AMR reviewers, Edward Conlon, Marilyn Gist, Tom Jones, Tom Lee, Benyamin Lichtenstein, Scott Shane, S. Venkataraman, and Andy Wicks for commenting on earlier versions of this paper and for helping me improve it. 244 Academy of Management Review April * How do we make the pricing decision when the firm does not yet exist (i.e.Read MoreOrganizational Behaviour Analysis28615 Words   |  115 Pagesdiscussion of competition and co-operation (Coulson, 1997, 1998; Gambetta, 1988; Kramer Tyler, 1996; Misztal, 1996), as does the work on co-operation itself (Axelrod, 1984; Baker, 1996; Nowak, May Sigmund, 1995). 4 Although intended to be funny, Scott Adams (1996) The Dilbert Principle is also worth a look for its acute observations about the experience of change at low levels in an organisational hierarchy. Organisational Analysis: Notes and Essays Page 9 prediction and control, and,Read MoreAssignment on Hr Promotion Transfer14234 Words   |  57 PagesFrom subjects that solved the problem, they elicited what the subjects took to be the underlying principle. Then they presented the subjects with another analogous problem that invited a similar approach. Those subjects with the fullest and soundest summary of the principle for the first puzzle were most successful with the second. These and other results suggest that explicit abstractions of principles from a situation foster transfer. * Active self-monitoring.  Relatedly, met cognitive reflectionRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesWhat Are Management Skills? 9 Improving Management Skills 12 An Approach to Skill Development 13 Leadership and Management 16 Contents of the Book 18 Organization of the Book 19 Practice and Application 21 Diversity and Individual Differences 21 Summary 23 SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL 24 Diagnostic Survey and Exercises 24 Personal Assessment of Management Skills (PAMS) 24 What Does It Take to Be an Effective Manager? 28 SSS Software In-Basket Exercise 30 SCORING KEY AND COMPARISON DATA 42 Personal AssessmentRead MoreStrategic Human Resource Management View.Pdf Uploaded Successfully133347 Words   |  534 Pages............................... 32 INVESTMENTS IN JOB-SECURE WORKFORCES .......... 42 ETHICAL IMPLICATIONS OF EMPLOYMENT PRACTICES ............................................................. 56 NONTRADITIONAL INVESTMENT APPROACHES ......... 58 SUMMARY............................................................... 67 NOTES.................................................................... 74 STRATEGIC HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT Table of Contents SECTION TWO ..............................

Medical Marijuana Essay - 1174 Words

Medical Marijuana Marijuana (cannabis) is a mixture of leaves, stems, and flowering tops of the Indian hemp plant Cannabis sativa. [4] Marijuana is thought by many to be harmful, but it has been proven in fact to be helpful for some people with certain illnesses. [4] When I first started looking into medical marijuana as my research subject, I was curious to see what people my age actually thought about marijuana. I asked twenty of my peers, ranging in age from seventeen to twenty-two, What is the first thing that comes to mind when I say marijuana? The responses shocked me: six of them said getting high, four of them said damaging drug, and ten of them, fifty percent, said medical uses. The response that overwhelmed†¦show more content†¦In fact, there is not one substance in this entire Physicians Desk Reference that is completely harmless, [9] said Chuck Thomas at the Testimony Before the Institute of Medicinal Marijuana Hearing in New Orleans. #8230;while prescription drugs, defi ned as safe by the FDA, kill up to 27,000 and aspirin up to 1,000 Americans per year, cannabis kills 0 per year, [2] according to the Bureau of Mortality Statistics. Nearly all medicines have toxic, potentially lethal effects, but marijuana is not such a substance#8230;Marijuana in its natural form, is one of the safest active substances known to man. By any measure of rational analysis marijuana can be safely used within a supervised routine of medical core, [3] the Guardian Newspaper printed in 1993 on the issue. Compared with legal drugs#8230;..marijuana does not pose greater risks, [8] according to the Pharmacological Reviews: Health Aspects of Cannabis. THC, the active ingredient in marijuana, has been produced in a pill form. Marinol#61650; is one of the pills: The poor availability of Marinol#61650; in aqueous solutions and its high first-pass metabolism in the live account for its poor bioavailability; only 10-20% of an oral dose reaches the systemic circulation. The on set of action is slow; peak plasma concentration areShow MoreRelatedThe Legalization Of Medical Marijuana1558 Words   |  7 Pages Alaskan Thunderbolt Whether pro, con, user or bystander. The issue of the nationwide legalization of medical marijuana is one that infringes both in political and social standards. Be it that marijuana is subsequently abused, and utilized as an illegal drug. It is regarded highly, as a controversial issue which affects the amenity of conservative, modern America. Because of which one should further seek to understand. Things like its history, correlation with crime, effects on economy, effectsRead MoreMedical Marijuana1767 Words   |  8 Pages Marijuana is a very prominent and controversial issue in society today. Although many slanderous claims have been made about cannabis in recent history, the truths are slowly starting to resurface. Unfortunately, these truths are under heavy criticism due to the stereotypical view of what people view as the typical â€Å"pot smoker.† This skewed perception of a lazy and unmotivated American is the result of over seventy years of propaganda and misinformation spread by private interests who relied onRead MoreMedical Benefits Of Medical Marijuana1161 Words   |  5 Pagessurrounding the issue of whether medical marijuana ought to be legally sanctioned as a medicinal treatment. Medical marijuana involves the use of cannabis and its constituent’s cannabinoids in order to treat a disease or its symptoms (National Institute on Drug Abuse 2015). Numerous studies led declare the drug a miracle treatment for a variety of medical issues. These studies, however, are limited and effectively challenged by different studies that exhibit the health risks marijuana can have on the humanRead MoreMedical Marijuana And Medical Therapy2626 Words   |  11 PagesMedical marijuana refers to the use of cannabis as medical therapy in the palliative sense to treat diseases or alleviate symptoms. This treatment modality has proven to be a highly debatable issue within the medical field due to the use of this substance as an illicit drug. â€Å"The National Youth Risk Behavior Survey monitors priority health risk behaviors that contribute to the leading causes of death, disability, and social problems among youth and adults in the United States† (Center for DiseaseRead MoreMedical Marijuana Essay1059 Words   |  5 PagesMedical Marijuana One of the most controversial issues in the United States is over medical marijuana. Many experiments test the validity of the drug as a medicine, and results of these experiments receive much praise but also some critique. The DEA and the National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws (NORML) are battling over the issue. The underlying matter that cannot be ignored is that marijuana proves to be a useful medication for many patients, especially those with wastingRead MoreThe Ban Of Medical Marijuana1090 Words   |  5 Pagesepilepsy and used medical marijuana to save her life. Her parents had tried almost every medication to try and save her by the time she was two-years-old. Some nights she would get fifty seizures each night. Finally, her parents were able to get her a medical marijuana card in Colorado, and the new medication immediately stopped the seizures (Gummow, 8 Miraculous, para. 4, alternet.org). This is just one example of how unjust the ban of medicinal marijuana is. The ban of medical marijuana is unjust becauseRead MoreMedical Marijuana Essay969 Words   |  4 Pages[Medicinal Marijuana] [Heather Bryant] Communication and compostition (COM156) University of Phoenix, Axia College [October 20, 2012] Medicinal Marijuana use in the United States Although many individuals find medical marijuana illegal, and unnecessary, it is a natural herb used to help symptoms caused by chronic illnesses. Over three million Americans use medical marijuana. Medical marijuana is the most widely used drug used to treat chronic illnesses in seventeenRead MoreMarijuana as Medical Treatment917 Words   |  4 Pages Marijuana as medical treatment Should marijuana become legal in our country as a prescription and clinical drug for medicinal treatment? Imagine somebody that you love lying in bed at a hospital and having just undergone chemotherapy for their cancer treatment; Side effects of chemotherapy like constantly vomiting, fatigue and pain are difficult to tolerate every day. Doctor can prescribe medication, but any of it has absolutely no effectRead MoreThe Legalization Of Medical Marijuana1314 Words   |  6 PagesMarijuana is the most frequently abused illegal substance worldwide. Not only is there no legitimate medical use, it has been tied to physical, mental, and emotional damages. â€Å"Marijuana refers to the dried leaves, flowers, stems, and seeds from the hemp plant Cannabis sativa, which contains the psychoactive (mind-altering) chemical delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), as well as other related compounds† (National Institute on Drug Abuse). There are many supporters of the legalization of medical marijuanaRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Allowed For Medical Marijuana?1483 Words   |  6 Pageswork. Finally, you decide to resort to the medical marijuana and notice the results are astounding. Your child’s behavior changes from quiet and unmotivated to talkative and energetic! Dravet Syndrome is just one of many conditions that medicinal cannabis has proven to help. Many medical conditions qualify for medical marijuana use making it a more reliable and affordable alternative from over-the-counter drugs. However, since the early 1900’s marijuana has been p ushed to the side when it comes to

The Works Of The Dunham Bible Museum - 973 Words

The Dunham Bible Museum possesses many unique and rare artifacts that are not only important to our nation’s history but also vital to the history of Christianity. One artifact that touched my heart the most and is the most exclusive item in the museum was the Francis Bailey New Testament, which is the only known complete copy of the earliest English Testament printed in the United States of America. Although this artifact may hold a huge amount of significance to historians, Americans, and most importantly Christians, many people are unaware of the facts and stories behind the book that I will explain through this paper such as the artifact as a physical object, its historical context, and why it should be kept in a museum. First of all, the Francis Bailey New Testament has very unique yet simple physical properties. It may look like a regular Bible however the fact that it has survived for 234 years sets it apart from most of the artifacts present in the museum. The New Tes tament’s pages measure to be approximately five to five and a half inches by seven to seven and a half inches. This elegant book has a contemporary full calf and also has double blind rule borders on upper and lower covers. Because the artifact is so old, a few small chips to the first blank but the tips and fines were very cleverly restored. In all other aspects, this book is in great shape and maintained. Currently, it is enclosed in a specially made half- morocco clamshell case. This precious itemShow MoreRelatedStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagesobtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458, or you may fax your request to 201-236-3290. Many of the designations by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish

Future Game Developments World of Warcraft

Question: How mobile/ tablet devices bring gaming to everyone? Answer: Introduction The impact of portable figuring in the late decade stayed hard to miss. Nearly everybody strolls around conveying a cell phone with them each second of the day. The most recent couple of decades displays a blast in the prominence of tablet gadgets, offering huge numbers of the utilizations and advantages of a telephone however with a great deal more screen space and also the handling power. With the present associations of its PCs and additionally the practical frameworks, Microsoft dispatched its push to overcome this range of innovation. Close by the advancement of a desktop working structure that performs different capacities in the business sector, Windows eight accompanies extra elements that empower the client to get a high level of fulfilment with the gadget. They give all-new, touch-screen-arranged client interface that helps the client in different viewpoints. The device is quick and responsive on the desktop and also on tablet devices alike, Windows telephone 8 keeps on enh ancing Microsoft's phone working framework, offering a smooth and intense experience on both high and low particular hardware. The paper looks to investigate the commitment of versatile gaming and its impact on the conventional gaming. That will help in giving more knowledge into the examination about the two commercial enterprises. Composing diversions for cell phones offer enormous potential. It is simple for individuals to get and play an amusement on their cell phone since they have it in their pocket or pack (Mueller, Gibbs and Vetere 2008). The client can swing to the versatile gaming whether he or she is dynamic through the developing pretending amusement while riding on a train or they just need a couple of minutes of easy-going preoccupation while sitting tight for an arrangement. One viewpoint that fizzled the bounce from Windows Phone 7 to 8, and was not accessible at all for Windows 8 application improvement is the conventional XNA gaming structure (Jacob and Issac 2014). Luckily, a current open source venture called MonoGame existed to venture into fill this void and kept on offering a capable and straightforward-to-learn diversion improvement structure that helps in.NET advancement. That does not require C++ OR Direct X. MonoGame is perfect with XNA, so existing learning and code ought to move from XNA to MonoGame with a little exertion (Falstein and Ruetz 2009). Background The idea of mobile gaming remains ubiquitous in the contemporary society. It dominates the traditional aspects of gaming such as Play Station and Xbox, which constitute a greater part of the gaming industry. Individual in the entire world spend a lot of time playing various games on their devices. Think of the number of hours you spent playing the Flappy Bird for instance. The game is frustratingly difficult and could waste a lot of time. Additionally, individuals spend a lot of money chasing cheap fame in different genres such as the Kim Kardashian: Hollywood. The central element that makes these games attractive is the degree of accessibility. Nearly every individual with a smartphone can access these games. Such individuals do not have to invest in games and consoles to play the mobile games. Currently, almost everyone owns a smartphone, which illustrates the increase in the level of video gaming in various parts of the world. Mobile gaming hurts the society in some ways. For inst ance, school-going children spend a lot of time playing the computer games, which limits their interaction with books and other school related activities (Page 2014). Hence, they obtain poor grades in their respective schools that do not allow them to have the right skills in executing different tasks. Parents have the obligation to monitor their children to ensure that they do not spend much time playing the genre. Research questions There exist some concerns about the spread of mobile gaming in different parts of the world. As a result, it posits some issues that require a prudent response. Some of the research questions include: Will mobile gaming replace the traditional video game industry? What is the role of mobile gaming in shaping the current stereotype about traditional gaming? It is imperative to note that mobile gaming will never be a replacement of the traditional video game industry. Even though the oppositional relationship currently surfaces in the most discussion, it is proper to make the highlights so as to provide more insight into various aspects of the particular industry. Core games go a notch higher to decry mobile games as being simple. On the contrary, industry analysts posit that mobile devices will replace game consoles entirely shortly (Falstein 2004). However, these two sectors remain complementary rather than competing ones. Hence, it is not possible to achieve a major drift in their operations. Regarding the second research questions, it is evident that mobile gaming is responsible for the current stereotype that surrounds the traditional gaming industry such as the Play Stations. References Falstein, N. and Ruetz, N., 2009. The First Two Ws: Fostering Multicultural Awareness in Children. In Online Communities and Social Computing (pp. 462-470). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Falstein, N., 2004. Natural funativity. Gamasutra. com. Jacob, S.M. and Issac, B., 2014. The mobile devices and its mobile learning usage analysis. arXiv preprint arXiv:1410.4375. Mueller, F.F., Gibbs, M.R. and Vetere, F., 2008, December. Taxonomy of exertion games. In Proceedings of the 20th Australasian Conference on Computer-Human Interaction: Designing for Habitus and Habitat (pp. 263-266). ACM. Page, T., 2014. Application-based mobile devices in design education. International Journal of Mobile Learning and Organisation, 8(2), pp.96-111.

Sex Education Essay Example

Sex Education Essay The Role of Sex Education in Opposing the Effects of Pornography Agramon, Krizia Anne Enriquez, Astro Jake Galang, Gino George Ocampo, Soleandrea 4CLM Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements In English 04 (Research Methods and Application) College of Arts and Sciences San Beda College Mendiola, Manila APPROVAL SHEET The thesis attached hereto, entitled â€Å"The Role of Sex Education in Opposing the Effects of Pornography†, prepared and submitted by Krizia Anne Agramon, Astro Jake Enriquez, Gino George Galang, and Soleandrea Ocampo, in partial fulfillment of the requirements in English 04 (Research Methods and Application) is hereby accepted. Carissa C. Cabaysa Thesis Adviser DEDICATION ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The researchers wish to extend their heartfelt gratitude to the following persons: ABSTRACT TABLE OF CONTENTS Approval Sheetp. 2 Dedicationp. 3 Acknowledgementp. Abstractp. 5 Table of Contentsp. 6-8 List of Tables and Figuresp. 9 CHAPTER I: Introductionp. Background of the Studyp. Statement of the Problemp. Significance of the Studyp. Scope and Delimitation of the Studyp. CHAPTER II: Theoretical and Conceptual Frameworkp. Review of Related Literaturep. Sex Educationp. Philippine Sexualityp. A Brief History of Sex Education in the Philippinesp. Recent Legislation and Related Current Eventsp. Stand of Parents in Implementing Sex Educationp. Stand of the Church in Implementing Sex Educationp. We will write a custom essay sample on Sex Education specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Sex Education specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Sex Education specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Stand of Educators inImplementing Sex Educationp. Pornographyp. Conceptual Frameworkp. Research Hypothesisp. Definition of Termsp. CHAPTER III: Methodologyp. Research Designp. Sources of Datap. Data Gathering Instrumentsp. Data Gathering Proceduresp. Data Analysis Procedurep. CHAPTER IV: Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Datap. Introductionp. CHAPTER V: Summary, Conclusion and Recommendationsp. Summaryp. Conclusionp. Recommendationsp. Referencesp. Appendicesp. LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES Chapter I INTRODUCTION Background of the Study In light of the talks and debates in 2010 about the Reproductive Health Bill and the action of the Department of Education to adopt sex education in school curricula, people have been clamoring various actions to enforce the ideals of this bill, to protest the bill itself, and prevent the implementation of sex education classes. According to Rep. Edcel Lagman (2010) in his article in the Philippine Daily Inquirer, one of the aims of the Reproductive Health Bill is to provide sexual education. The effect of these sex education classes on adolescent’s view of the morality of pornography is the primary concern of the research. Pornography, as far as the researchers know, is an actuation that is present in the life of adolescent males and females. Pornography is rampant in media (print and electronic), and thus gains wide audiences and adolescents are able to obtain such pornographic materials easily. Media is increasingly getting more space in the lives of our youth. Children these days learn sex on media. Most children are already knowledgeable about sex through various print and electronic media. (Calasagsag, 1996) This finding is supported by the YAFS 3, which reported mass media as the new surrogate parent (2000 State of the Philippine Population Report 2nd Edition : PINOY YOUTH: Making Choices, Building Voices ,Commission of Population). The McCann-Erickson study (2000) found that the media has become the determining factor to what is perceived as right, wrong, and important. Among the youths from and living in the NCR are those who show highest prevalence of exposure to pornography. Statistics reveal that 69 percent have been exposed to pornographic materials; while 49 percent have read printed pornographic literature. There has been an alarming growth in the rate of teenage pregnancies over the past years. In response to this, sex education has been implemented in schools. According to Department of Education (2010), sex education covers topics such as â€Å"reproductive systems and cycles, hygiene, pre-marital sex,  teenage pregnancy  and sexually transmitted diseases. However, the government, through the Department of Education is taking a drastic step by introducing the sex education program to public school pupils. The sex education modules are to be pilot tested in some 79 public secondary schools and 80 elementary schools (Grades V and VI) across the country. This action has met opposition in the form of the Church which believes that sex education promotes promiscuity among children† and that it â€Å"should strictly remain a family affair. The Church is the most vocal about its dissent in the implementation of the latest sex education module released by DepEd in 2006. It is to be noted that sex education has been part of the curriculum of some Catholic schools during the past years but it does not dwell only on the human reproduction system. The opposition of the Church is not sex education per se but the contents of the latest module. Released in June 2006, Quitorio said the new module focused on reproduction and not on the totality of sexuality, which makes a bad impression (Sex Education Long Been Taught in Catholic schools: Prelate, Manila Sun Star). Furthermore, he said that the module advocates and promotes the use of contraceptives among the youth. DepEd, on the other hand, maintained that the module only seeks to educate the students on sexuality and to guide them so as to prevent early pregnancy and the possibility of acquiring sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) through unprotected sex. If sex education can be effective in battling the negative implications of exposure to pornography to adolescents, then as such the morality and the sacredness of the sexual intercourse will be strengthened and will redound to the benefit of the educated person. Yet there is still a need to prove that sex education is beneficial in preventing the negative effects of exposure to pornography. There are already some private educational institutions who have included in their curricula sex education or some of its integral topics in their GMRC and Theology classes. Some of the schools which included sex education in its curricula are San Beda College – Mendiola, Manila, and U. P. Integrated School – Diliman, and Arellano University High School. However, conservatist schools such as O. B. Montessori School have already removed sex education in their curricula after having it in their curriculum for a year, or are hesitant in including sex education in their curricula. The Arellano University has the rationale that they will train students to be effective teachers by: familiarizing them with problems relative to teaching and their solutions; providing direct and vicarious experience through in-campus and  off-campus teaching; and acquainting them with the worthwhile values of the Filipino culture and the strategies and  means by which these may be implemented on children and the youth. They also have the objectives of developing students who may be future leaders not only in the academe but also in the community and the nation through: experience in curricular and extra-curricular activities; involvement and participation in organization, workshop,  conferences, seminars, etc. ; contribution to national development goals, through self help  and social service projects; and transmission, preservation, and enrichment of the national heritage (Arellano University website, 2010). The O. B. Montessori School has rationale of a high school student definitely equipped with a stable and strong foundation of education. In most cases, â€Å"graduates† happily succeed in college life and adapt easily to the demands of college workload. Unlike other graduates who tend to be dependent and inhibited, Montessori students enter college with confidence, concentration, and strong values and spiritual beliefs. The third stage of development from 13-18 years is the adolescent stage when valorization of personality occurs as the individual prepares to enter adulthood by acquiring confidence. This is the period when emotion, no longer intelligence, becomes operational in his preparation for adult responsibility. It is characterized by great physical, emotional, psychological and social transformation when self- consciousness is heightened and requires the performing arts, sports and para-military training to transform timidity to self-confidence. The adolescent Filipino is filled with creative energy and intensely seeks economic independence. The O. B. Montessori Professional High School program not only provides academic preparation for college but also training skills in business reinforced with leadership and civic consciousness. One of the topics included in the program is sex education (O. B. Montessori website, 2010). It is assumed by the researchers that the following facts are true: First, that sex education exists in the Philippines. There are programs and topics that are directly related to sex education that are being discussed in parts of the curricula of different schools. Second, that sex education is being implemented in private educational institutions, through topics included in the institution’s curricula. There are many private schools who have topics correlated to the ideals of sex education and the sex education per se, who have been influential in developing the mental psyche of a moral and just citizen. Third, that sex education is beneficial to Filipino teenagers. Sex education’s aim is to inform the adolescent youth about the human sexual anatomy, sexual reproduction, sexual intercourse, reproductive health, emotional relations, reproductive rights and responsibilities, abstinence, contraception, and other aspects of human sexual behavior. Fourth, those Filipino teenagers are exposed to various media involving pornography. There are a plethora of various materials in media that promote pornography, be it either pictures, literary works or videos. Fifth, that the knowledge of pornography is prevalent among Filipino teenagers. It is a fact that almost all adolescent Filipinos know about pornography. Many of the youth have knowledge or a basic idea of what pornography is and where and how to access it. Sixth, that most parents are against it despite its current implementation and are actually keen on keeping â€Å"sexual topics† taboo. Many of the news articles and opinions on the current legislative actions concerning the topic of sexual education have already surfaced, and mostly all of these articles are against sex education. Seventh, that sex education is perceived society as â€Å"immoral† and actually worsening the problems it is meant to solve. Since time in memorial, religion has abhorred sex education as â€Å"its teaching actually gives the desire to act on those actions that were taught in sex education classes†. Lastly, those Filipino adolescents who have undergone sex education and are knowledgeable about pornography have used this knowledge to divert sexual activities and urges to a positive outlet. As the Filipino idea of sex education seems to be in the negative, the actual implication of the youth who have undergone sex education and have already basic knowledge about pornography is promising on the individual itself. It also harbors the idea that once a person who is educated and is knowledgeable about sexual issues, he is can distinguish what is morally correct and incorrect on how he acts. The research paper will investigate the effectiveness of sex education programs in preventing the negative effects of exposure to pornography. Its aim is to educate and guide students and other concerned people like parents and educators. It also aims to provide useful information in relation to this topic, provide meaningful analysis of the current effects of sex education to preventing pornography, and strengthen the morality of sex as an act and as a sacred rite of passage or vocation. Statement of the Problem This research paper aims to answer the following problems: 1. Is sex education effective in regulating the negative effects of exposure to pornography among Filipino teenagers in the Arellano University High School in 2010? 2. Does sex education strengthen their view of the morality of sex? 3. Is sex education effective in diverting sexual urges? 4. Does sex education generate curiosity among Filipino teenagers to engage in sexual intercourse or any other sexual activities? Significance of the Study The research will benefit mostly – the students, who are the main concern of the study and whose well-being is at stake due to the implementation or non-implementation of sex education. Secondary concern of the study are the parents and educators who are entrusted with the overall responsibility of honing the Filipino youth – intellectually, morally, and spiritually through their enforcement and implementation of certain measures which will uphold the well-being of the youth. Tertiary concern of the study are the Department of Education and the Philippine society as a whole who are the primary leaders of change and pro-activity, which can or may affect the society as a whole and thus affect the youth itself. The information that this research paper will yield is primarily beneficial to the students who will know about: a. hat are the benefits of sex education they can benefit from, b. the immorality of pornography, and c. the different viewpoints of different sectors of sex education and pornography. Their being informed of sex education, its aim, its content, its implementation and its good and bad effects will consequently benefit the students. The results that this study will yield will help parents in determining the effectiveness of sex education. It would help the parents, with teachers, in formulating the best solution for issues regarding sexuality. Also, it seeks to provide parents with a basis for critical and sound judgments regarding the issue. Relying on opinions and beliefs which are not founded on concrete evidence should not be the sole basis of parents and educators in determining whether sex education does more harm than good. They should be informed and equipped with facts in order to weigh the pros and cons of sex education. The research will help them understand the effectiveness of sex education in helping to a. reduce risk behaviors such as unprotected sex, and equip individuals to make informed decisions about their personal sexual activity, b. ontrol the body and liberation from social control, c. provide individuals with the knowledge necessary to liberate themselves from socially organized sexual oppression and to make up their own minds. It will also be helpful to administrators and educators of sex education classes and similar classes linked to sex education and its topics, to know a. if sex education curri cula break down pre-existing notions of modesty and encourage acceptance of practices that those advocating this viewpoint deem immoral, such as homosexuality and premarital sex, b. nd to teach that sexual behavior outside of marriage is immoral, so their adherents feel that this morality should be taught as part of sex education. The Department of Education may also find this material useful as a reference for the improvement of sex education. This study will help them point out the weak aspects of sex education which has already been implemented in the past. Consequently, the findings could be utilized to provide them with additional information with which to compare data from the currently implemented program. The study will help them determine what makes sex education successful or unsuccessful. Society as a whole would be able to make an informed stand based on actual data and observations. This would help them decide whether or not to support the steps taken by the government. This would help them determine whether the Church’s contention has basis. This would help society refine its current understanding of sex education that would help them cultivate updated solutions to the issues plaguing the country. Scope and Delimitation This research paper is a descriptive research paper. The main problem to be tackled is the effectiveness of sex education to counteract the exposure of Filipino teenagers to pornography. The scope would also cover some moral issues about sex education from the viewpoint of the society of the Philippines, of the government of the Philippines, and of several religious institution, more specifically the Catholic Church, using a sample of adolescent students from Arellano University High School and O. B. Montessori High School. The researchers would base their research through one-on-one interviews, random survey questionnaires and observation, the population of which are thirty students per class, totaling one hundred fifty (150) students in O. B. Montessori High School and forty students per class, totaling two hundred (200) students in Arellano University High School and the sample size of ninety (90) students in O. B. Montessori High School and one hundred twenty (120) students in Arellano University High School. The participants or the respondents are those who have and have not received sex education and are knowledgeable on pornography. They are Filipino teenagers aged 14 to 18 years of age, male or female. The scope of the paper would be limited to the Arellano University High School and the O. B. Montessori High School, Greenhills Branch in the Philippines, more specifically in Metro Manila. Data gathering for this research paper will take approximately one month. Chapter II THEORETICAL AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK Review of Related Literature This chapter will provide useful information about sex education, pornography, and the status quo of the issues of the implementation of sex education in the Philippines. Also provided here are the concepts of sexuality for Filipinos, recent legislative laws and bills regarding sex education, and recent news articles and stories concerning sex education. Sex Education Prior to discussing sex education, as the prime matter, sexuality must be delineated in a broad-spectrum. Sex education is a broad term used to describe education about human sexual anatomy, sexual reproduction, sexual intercourse, reproductive health, emotional relations, reproductive rights and responsibilities, abstinence, contraception, and other aspects of human sexual behavior. Common avenues for sex education are parents or caregivers, school programs, and public health campaigns (Sex Education, en. wikipedia. org, 2010). It is an integral part of education in most developed countries, like the United States, United Kingdom, Japan, South Korea, India and China. It is stressed in these countries that the idea of sexual education encompasses â€Å"education about all aspects of sexuality, including information about family planning, reproduction (fertilization, conception and development of the embryo and fetus, through to childbirth), plus information about all aspects of ones sexuality including: body image, sexual orientation, sexual pleasure, values, decision making, communication, dating, relationships, sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and how to avoid them, and birth control method† all that is stated above, not only focusing on the physical aspect of sex nor is that sex education only talking about the totality of the sexual intercourse as an act (Sex Education, en. wikipedia. org, 2010). In Asia, the state of sex education programs is at various stages of development. Indonesia, Mongolia, South Korea have a systematic school policy framework for teaching about sex. Here in Southeast Asia, countries such as Malaysia, the Philippines and Thailand have assessed adolescent reproductive health needs with a view to developing adolescent-specific training, messages and materials. Sex education, as a whole subject matter in the Philippines, is practically non-existent. Except for discussions of parents with their children regarding the â€Å"birds and the bees† and of theology and GMRC teachers with their students, the idea of sex education being implemented here in the Philippines is farfetched. Sex education, as said by Guerrero, should not be imparted with all the do’s and don’ts instead proper guidelines must be strictly implemented for the child to determine his or her own responsibilities. (Sariling Paturuan, 1982) With sex education, Guerrero posits that people who are addicted to having sex education may avoid their promiscuousness by understanding the danger and other effects of it. It is unproven whether the knowledge of sex will pollute the child’s mind. Sexual ignorance would only result to indecisiveness and even wrong decisions. As such, reproductive systems and other important sexual issues and topics are taboo and always are met with opposition. It is mainly caused by our own culture’s conservatism and being traditionalists. (Georpe, 2002. Being conservative Roman Catholics, often Filipinos think of sex education as morally incompatible with the beliefs and ideals of the Catholic Church. Sexual liberalism, often caused by sex educat ion classes makes a Filipino think that a certain individual is sexually promiscuous. While the influence of globalization became dominant, numerous Filipinos remained conservative with their sexual values. Philippine Sexuality According to Guerrero, â€Å"a part of one’s total personality is human sexuality†. It refers to the sum total of man’s animated feelings. Not only as a sexual part but as male and female. It is a life-long process commencing at birth. Basic knowledge of sex may be attained when the child grows either to manhood or womanhood (Sariiling Paturuan, 1982) Philippine Sexuality refers to the sensuality of man as professed, expressed, and respected by the Filipino people. This encompasses sexual behavior, practices, and activities exhibited by Filipino men and women of history and of current. Filipino Sexuality seems to have been affected by education, media and even by technological advancements. But despite its immediate dispersion, legislative procedures primarily involving regulations were promulgated to grant prominence that sexual acts should happen only within the framework of marriage between a man and a woman, because this personal human expression is sturdily associated with the family unit and with the society as a whole. As a predominantly Christian country, the Philippines considers that the only sexual behavior morally and legally acceptable and appropriate is heterosexual intercourse within a monogamous marriage, with the exception of polygamous marriage as practiced by some Filipino minority groups and by Muslim communities in the Mindanao, southern, and southwestern regions of the Philippines, as long as the men of these population are financially capable of supporting their multiple wives. Sex Education in the Philippines: A Brief History Long before the arrival of the first group of Spaniards in the Philippine islands on the shores of Cebu, under the leadership of Ferdinand Magellan, ancient native Filipinos already had their own sexual and relationship practices. One of them is the carrying out of polygamy. Early Filipino tribal men had five or more wives, a marital ethnic norm of the archipelago at the time. In addition to this, about more than one thousand years ago, the Filipino Ifugao people of northern central Philippines already had well-established values on marriage and sexuality. Prior to 1969, sex education in the Philippines was non-existent. Instructions were limited only to discussions on pregnancy and childcare within the confines of the family unit, specifically between female members of the home. Outside the family or the home setting, available informal information – in the form of television and radio programs, illegal adult or sex publications, and the like – was imprecise, flawed, or deficient. After the World Health Organization and the Philippine governments introduction of programs on family planning and birth/conception control in the past years, suburban and rural Philippine communities received training in these programs, with instructions on basic biology, pregnancy, and contraception that focused on the use of birth control pills. This program was clandestinely sustained by the Roman Catholic Church to reduce the familys burden of child rearing because of poverty It was only in the late 1970s when Philippine high schools and colleges began to include teachings related to public health, sexually transmitted diseases, and limited information on human reproduction and human sexuality in the curriculum for science courses, such as biology. The limitation was truncated by the Filipino tradition of not explicitly mentioning or showing images of the male and female sex organs even for educational purposes. In 1972, DepEd already had a module for sex education aimed towards teaching sex education and population development concepts to elementary and high school students. These were integrated into the curricula of appropriate year levels. The module was adapted as a model by other Asian countries which includes Thailand, Japan and China. The 1994 sex education module was revised into â€Å"Lesson Plan of Adolescent Reproductive Health. † It tacked premarital sex and STD. In the year 2000, a review and revision by DepEd was conducted for the purpose of adapting to the changing times. This was done together with the Catholic Bishops’ Conference of the Philippines. During the Arroyo administration in 2006, the trial run of a sex education program in Metro Manila did not prosper due to the objection of CBCP which argued that its introduction to public schools will encourage teenagers to engage in sex. (DepEd Set to Launch Sex Education in Public Schools, www. inquirer. net, 2008). Recent Legislation and Related Current Events In 2004, Rep. Lagman’s bill on Reproductive Health Bill was a hot topic, pushing for mandatory implementation of sex education among students from grade 5 to 4th year high school. Critics of Lagman, especially Dr. Junice Melgar said that â€Å"You can’t just teach and push for abstinence before marriage. It might send a wrong signal to the youth and increase the incidence of premarital sex if you use reverse psychology. † (Barrinuevo et al, 2004. ) In light of the recent talks and debates about the Reproductive Health Bill, people have been clamoring various actions to enforce the ideals of this bill. The Reproductive Health Bill is a conglomerate of House Bill No. 17 authored by Rep. Edcel Lagman, House Bill No. 812 authored by Rep. Janette Garin, Senate Bill No. 40 authored by Sen. Rodolfo Biazon and Senate Bill No. 43 authored by Sen. Panfilo Lacson who are members of the House of Representatives and the Senate of the 14th Congress of the Philippines (senate. gov. ph, 2010). According to Rep. Edcel Lagman in his article in the Philippine Daily Inquirer, one of the aims of the Reproductive Health Bill is to provide sexual education (Philippine Daily Inquirer, Jan. 16, 2010). â€Å"Reproductive health education in an age-appropriate manner shall be taught by adequately trained teachers from Grade 5 to 4th year high school. As proposed in the bill, core subjects include responsible parenthood, natural and modern family planning, proscription and hazards of abortion, reproductive health and sexual rights, abstinence before marriage, and responsible sexuality. † Moreover, â€Å"Sexuality education will neither spawn â€Å"a generation of sex maniacs† nor breed a culture of promiscuity. Age-appropriate RH education promotes correct sexual values. It will not only instill consciousness of freedom of choice but also responsible exercise of one’s rights. The UN and countries which have youth sexuality education document its beneficial results: understanding of proper sexual values is promoted; early initiation into sexual relations is delayed; abstinence before marriage is encouraged; multiple-sex partners are [sic] avoided; and spread of sexually transmitted diseases is prevented. † According to the DepEd, from implementing Memorandum No. 261, which integrates sex education in the curriculum for private and public schools, adopting the sex education plan will fast-track moral decay among young people who are exposed to sex at an early age. While curiosity is normal for young people, it is still the primary responsibility of the parents and families to inform their children about sex. † (DepEd Memorandum No. 261, 2010). Discussions will focus on the science of reproduction, physical care and hygiene, correct v alues and the norms of interpersonal relations to avoid premarital sex and teenage pregnancy. The topics integrated into the modules will be scientific and informative and are not designed to titillate prurient interest. In Science, sex education topics will cover the reproductive system, parts of the body, reproductive cycle, and puberty. Under Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP), proper behavior among and between peers of different genders will be discussed. In Health classes under MAPEH (Music, Arts, PE and Health), personal hygiene and reproductive health will be part of the lessons. In Heograpiya, Kasaysayan, at Sibika (HEKASI) classes, discussion will include the position of religion on premarital sex and the norms when people of opposite sex interact. Finally, in Math classes, data on issues like premarital sex, teenage pregnancy, and sexually transmitted infections will be used in studying mathematical analysis and statistics. Starting this year 2010, sex education will be integrated in regular subjects including science, health, English and physical education, said Assistant Education Secretary Teresita Inciong, who is heading the project funded by the U. N. Population Fund. (Teves, Boston News. 2010) The World Health Organization, UNICEF, and UNESCO also had worked on guidelines about sex education, with the aim of improving awareness of sexuality. They suggest for example that masturbation be discussed between 5 to 8 year old and in detail between 9 to 12 years old. (Editorial: Sex education, 2009) The Stand of the Parents in the Implementation of Sex Education As O’Brien said in his book Sex Character Education, â€Å"instructions which are formal should preferably be given privately and must in furtherance be supplemented by providing proper exercise. All the ways, by which a child can be taught, nothing compares in effectiveness with the personal example of the parents. Among all the ways of indirect instruction good literature is the most effective. Any sex instruction which ignores the education of the emotions is considered defective and useless. Since it cannot absorb nor have deep intellectual interest, enthusiasm and proper knowledge could not be gained well. † (1980) O’Brien continues by adding that â€Å"parents have the primary and fundamental obligation of explaining sex to their offspring. Having to neglect it means having robbed from their children an important part of their birthright. Hence, it could also lead to confusion and misconceptions that are detrimental to their psychological being. They are first to explain the meaning of sex because their child trusts them as they trust no others. † He posits though, â€Å"the law of nature are as clear as crystal, that parents are naturally circumstanced to talk about the given matter, only a few could fulfill this primary duty. † Guerrero continues this thought by saying that â€Å"parents tend to be embarrassed when faced with problems related to sex lives of their children. They show much fear and anxiety over such topics and as such punish their children for acts they thought were innocent. † (Sariling Paturuan, 1982) Guerrero then states that parents must avoid seeing sex as a way to control and suppress sexual expression. Sex education should be concentrated on providing necessary information to avoid confusion and ignorance. Parents must never give the impression that they deprive their children the right to sexual knowledge or the proper sexual activity. Parents who are against the implementation of the sex education program launched petitions against DepEd Memo No. 261 which is â€Å"a sex-ed initiative in the Philippines supported by the U. N. † Their argument was that â€Å"the legislation is unconstitutional as it violates the primary rights of parents to develop the moral character of their children. † Furthermore, they argued that â€Å"it was unnecessary for children as young as nine to be taught about reproductive health† (Parents in Philippines Objecting to Sex Education Program Targeting Children, www. catholicnewsagency. com, 2010). Even parents in the U Sex Education Essay Example Sex Education Essay When thinking of education, many people automatically think of going to school and learning math, English, history, and science, but education Is more than Just going to school. According to www. Webster. Com, the website for the Miriam-Webster dictionary, education is defined as the action or process of educating or of being educated. Webster describes educate as 1 a: to provide schooling for 2 a: to develop mentally, morally, or aesthetically especially by instruction b: to provide with information. By looking at these definitions people can be educated on many Ideas ND subjects, not Just those that are standard to school. When people think of sex education, some believe It Is the act of teaching how to have sex. In some cases this may be true depending on the literature someone reads or by the person doing the educating. If peers are doing the teaching, they may learn the act of sex and the sensations. If parents are doing the teaching, they may focus more on the moral and relig ious aspects of having sex. But, when looking at sex education from a scholastic approach, schools teach youth about the other things that are associated with sex. Sex education in school is designed to help teach youth about the other aspects of sex not the actual act of having it. This type of education teaches youth about the process of puberty, such as how the body visually changes and how a person emotionally changes. It also teaches, depending on the school and instructor, about checking the body and asking questions when something seems unusual. Sex education may delve more Into different diseases, such as cancer and sexually transmitted diseases, that a person may get and how to spot them. Sex education Is also designed to talk to youth about the effects of having sex, such as getting pregnant. It may also get into the idea of how to cope with peer pressure, which may help not only with sex, but also when youth are approached about drugs and alcohol. There are many views regarding who should teach sex education tooth. We will write a custom essay sample on Sex Education specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Sex Education specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Sex Education specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Many people feel this should be left completely up to the parents to teach, and others feel this type of education should be a collaborated effort from both parents and schools. By allowing schools to assist In educating youth about sex education, they will learn ore than just what parents teach, and may help dispel any myths about sex. Schools are designed to research and receive information based more on what physically happens and the different types of changes that happen to the body, whereas parents may not do the research and perhaps will only talk about their experiences. Schools should be Involved In teaching youth about sex education. Schools decided to start teaching sex education to youth many years ago, not only in the united States, but in many other countries. Schools offer health classes to teach youth about the human body in general. At some point a decision was made that schools should teach sex education to make sure youth received proper information about their bodies, both male and female, and how their bodies change over time. Schools teach students about puberty, which the Miriam-Webster online dictionary describes as the condition of being or the period of becoming first first occurrence of menstruation in the female. Additionally, Miriam-Webster states that the ages for boys and girls to reach puberty is legally construed as ages fourteen and twelve respectively, which is when youth are going into Junior high school. At the time in youths lives when their bodies are changing and they have questions on why, some youth have a hard time talking to parents about what is happening to them. Some parents may have a hard time discussing all the changes their child is going through, because they are not sure of the information, are unsure about how to talk about it, or do not have time to talk to their children. Youth may come up with questions that parents may not know the answer to or may not want to discuss. There are many people who feel No one can talk clearly about a subject if theyre not sure of the facts. And faced by their childrens questions, many parents find theyre not quite sure of the facts as they thought they were (Keener 37). When youth are entering Junior high, they need information about their changing bodies and a school classroom is a great place to get this information. Schools are designed to research subjects of all kinds, and have instructors who are familiar and are able to answer different types of questions, or if they are not sure of the answers, are knowledgeable enough to find answers for their students. Many schools try to build their sex education curriculum to discuss the changes in the body, such as: the increasing amount of hair on the body, more sweating, and certain aspects of their body getting bigger. Many teachers try to get the students to ask questions about what is happening and what may happen to them as they age, both physically and mentally. Youth also go through many psychological changes during puberty, such as mood swings. If youth are not given the proper information and enough information about their bodies, they may feel that what they are going through is strange and not supposed to happen at all. When schools teach about body development, they are able to teach students bout checking themselves for anything unusual. When students learn about how their bodies should change and look as they age, they are then able to check themselves. One thing that some sex education courses may get into is cancer. When they discuss cancer, they talk about how students need to check their bodies, either on their own or with a doctor, for any unusual bumps. Many young girls are already aware of breast cancer from television, but most boys are not aware of testicular cancer. Sex education courses can get more in depth about the different places cancer can occur and how to check for them. Unless a parent is familiar with different cancers, how is a child to learn about them? As youth go through their lives they experience many types of peer pressure, from friends and other people trying to get them to drink alcohol, do drugs, or even steal. One thing that most youth go through is pressure about having sex. Sex is an overpowering force in society; sex is portrayed on television, in music, and in books. Ann Chairman says Childrens culture, once surrounded only by comics, and radio, now is inundated with sexual images and messages many of which suggest that the ore casual, reckless, and even exploitative sex is the more pleasurable (CTD. N Learn 136). Since sex is everywhere, some youth feel they have to participate in sex to be cool. Both adults and youth may be pressured into having sex, or participate in the saying if you love me you will sleep with me. The people being pressured go through feelings of if I dont have sex with this person then they may not stay with me or if I do have sex with this person everyone may think that I am easy. Government, a nd many parents, think that all that a child needs to do is say no, but they forget what peer pressure was like at a young age. Adults have a hard enough time saying no to sex and sexual activities, but adolescents who are not taught that it is K to say no, and the different ways to say no, will struggle to do so. People of all ages want to be liked and accepted with the in crowds, and will do many things to be classified in that crowd, things such as drinking, doing drugs, smoking cigarettes, and even having sex. When talking to youth about peer pressure, teachers are able to advise youth about counselors and people they can talk to should they need assistance. Schools also try to teach youth to respect themselves and their feelings, ND that if they are not comfortable in having sex, whether it is with that specific person or Just not ready at all, that it is K to say no; and when someone says no to respect the other persons wishes. When people choose to have sex there is a possibility of the female becoming pregnant. When teachers discuss pregnancy during sex education they generally start by talking about the ways to prevent pregnancy. The first and most common prevention method is abstinence. Many parents and lawmakers prefer that abstinence be the only method discussed, while others prefer the abstinence plus or impressive method. Abstaining from sex is the only one hundred percent way to keep from becoming pregnant; but there are other ways to help minimize the risks should a person choose to have sex. If teachers are teaching the abstinence plus method, they would then discuss the different types of contraception that can be used to keep from becoming pregnant. Teachers would discuss the pros and cons of each type of contraception with the students. The abstinence only program usually just discusses the failures of the different types of contraception, which does not give dents complete and correct information (Sex Education Programs). Schools also discuss what the body goes through during pregnancy, such as the visual changes, the physical changes that are not seen, and the emotional side as well. They also delve into the kinds of life changes that may happen, like the responsibilities of parenthood. Schools talk about what social changes a person has to make when they have a child, such as not being able to go out whenever that person may want to, having to find a babysitter that is trustworthy, and the money that will need to be diverted to childcare. Although parents may cover pregnancy with children, they may over exaggerate what may happen, whereas a teacher will give the facts to students. When a person chooses to have sex there is a risk of contracting a sexually transmitted disease or SST, also know as a sexually transmitted infection or SST. Schools tend to do research and obtain information on the many different types of Studs, and can teach more of that information to students than some parents. Youth will learn the different ways of contracting the diseases, what symptoms a person may get when they contract one of them, and what kind, if any, cures exist. If youth are taught comprehensive information about Studs, there will be a decrease in Studs being spread. In Lorans book Safer Sex: The New Morality, it is stated that significantly lowered their SIT rates because of their pragmatic approach to sexuality. They have educated the public through schools and through mass media campaigns (152). If European countries have been able to lower SST rates by education than so can the United States by allowing schools to teach comprehensive sex education. By allowing schools to teach sex education they will be able to stop some of the youths associated with sex. Some myths associated with sex are that a female cannot get pregnant the first time having sex, without penetration, having sex in a hot tub, if have not started menstruation, if douche after sex, or if a female is raped. Other myths include premarital sex will cause infertility; condoms either do not work at all or can be twice as safe if uses more than one, condoms do not provide any protection from sexually transmitted diseases; or that a person can not contract diseases through anal sex (Grant; Learn 142). According to Planned Parenthood, allowing schools to teach comprehensive sex education will help students confront the realities of sexual behavior since it is able to cover topics like abstinence, contraception, and sexually transmitted diseases (Sexual Values 177). Schools may teach more than Just puberty, pregnancy, Studs, and peer pressure. Unfortunately, there is no standard on what a school teaches. One group, the Sexuality Information and Education Council of the United States or CUSCUS, suggests that schools teach the comprehensive method of sex education. CUSCUS has developed a large document that gives suggested guidelines for schools to build heir curriculum on. They have six key concepts which are human development, relationships, personal skills, sexual behavior, sexual health, and society and culture; each of these with six to seven topics. Some of the topics include puberty, reproduction, body image, sexual orientation, family relationships, friendship, love, romance, marriage, children, values, decision making, communication, negotiation, sexuality throughout life, abstinence, sexual fantasy, contraception, abortion, sexually transmitted diseases, HIVE and AIDS, gender roles, and diversity (Guidelines for Comprehensive 18). If schools are able to follow the guidelines set by CUSCUS, then students will be taught more than Just sex before marriage, but a myriad of information that will assist them in multiple types of relationships for the rest of their lives. Although sexual education courses are good and very informative, there are still many people who oppose those types of classes. Some people feel that schools will end up sending mixed messages to adolescents when teaching sex education. These people feel it is a mixed message because a school will try to teach youth to abstain room sex, but then include information about safe sex (Sexual Values 183). People feel that by including both types of messages, youth will not be able to distinguish which method is the better of the two and will choose to have sex. Some parents feel that schools should stay out of teaching sex education and leave it up to them. There are parents who feel that the only people who should be teaching youth about sex or anything associated with sex, are parents. One reason why some people feel this way is because when teaching children about sex, youth are also being taught bout morals and values which are designated as parental responsibilities not scholastic. Many parents want their children to have certain values, which are often through parents or religious leaders only because they can teach youth those values. Some religions and countries believe it is taboo to talk openly about sex. There are parents whom feel that schools should not be teaching sex because it is against their specific values or religion to talk about sex openly. Some parents also feel that by schools teaching sex education to youth, they are promoting teen sex. Parents feel hat giving youth the knowledge about contraceptives and how to use contraceptives properly will encourage them to have sex. When talking about condoms some people feel Teach them how to use them? Why not teach them how to have sexual intercourse right in class? Thats what youre encouraging (Learn 144). During sex education courses, adolescents are sometimes exposed to videos about sex and the body parts that are generally associated with sexual activities. Many parents do not like the idea of their children being exposed to these types of imagery and thus do not approve of sex education being taught in school. Some people believe that sex education courses that have already been introduced into the schools are the cause of the increase in number of teens that have sex and the increase in teen pregnancy (Humility). Even though there are parents and other people who feel that sex education should be left up to parents, there are still good reasons why a school should be involved as well. Even the American Medical Associations (AMA) website acknowledges that both parents and schools should be involved in youths sexual education experiences (Abstinence-only). There are parents who believe that schools would be interfering with their beliefs and values if the schools were to teach sex education, but sex education courses are more about facts and allowing the students to make their own decisions when it comes to sexual relationships. There are some cultures and religions that feel talking openly about sex is taboo, take China for instance. China has had a long standing belief that sex should not openly be discussed. According too Chinese newspaper called Peoples Daily, China has decided to start teaching sex education in middle schools. This article states that Lie Handing, who is the deputy director of the Family Planning Association of China, believes it is time to stop teaching their ideal moral standards, and allow the youth to learn and be able to choose the right lifestyle choice on their own (Beijing Publishes). So even though it has been taboo in China to talk about sex, they have decided that it is in the best interest of their youth to have the schools teach sex education. There are some people who feel that by teaching sex education to youth, schools will be sending mixed messages. Schools advocate abstinence but also teach about interception to give youth adequate information for when they choose to engage in sexual activities, whenever they choose to do so. According to a book titled Sexual Values: Opposing Viewpoints, Planned Parenthood feels that instructing youth on abstinence and contraceptives is not sending mixed messages. Planned Parenthood states that by teaching both, schools will be teaching a balanced message not a mixed message. They give a few examples of similar messages: Drive safely so you can avoid accidents; and wear your seat belt Just in case. Candy tastes good, but eating a lot of it isnt good for you. Its best to avoid too much sun exposure; but if youre going to be in the sun a lot, wear sunscreen (Sexual Values 183). So society is already sending these types of messages without them being construed as being member in Texas, Teachers should teach both because thats what education is teaching students about the pros and cons and helping them make the best possible choice for themselves (Thomas). So teaching both abstinence and contraception to youth is a good idea because they receive complete information. Although there are people who feel that by teaching sex education to youth, schools will be promoting sex, there are statistics that contradict this theory. When the World Health Organization (WHO) reviewed 35 sex education programs they found that comprehensive programs were effective in promoting the delay of first intercourse and safer sex practices. The WHO says that none of these programs increase sexual activity levels (Learn 126). Even Avert. Org, an international AIDS charity, agrees that sex education programs push the average age of first sexual intercourse back and also reduces the risks associated with sex (Sex Education that Works). By giving youth complete and correct information on sex and the risks associated with sex, youth are able to make their own responsible decisions on whether they are willing to take those risks. There are other countries that teach sex education, and their rates of teen sexual activity are no higher than Americas, and their rates of teenage pregnancy, childbearing, and abortion are two to seven times lower (Sexual Values 178). In a 1986 report from the National Research Council, it was found that the information given on contraceptives did not influence their decision to participate in sexual activities (Sexual Values 183). According to Debra Huffier, who wrote Abstinence-only education Isnt Enough, there was a government report that found as the comprehensive sex education courses increased the number of teenage females participating in sex has decreased and so has the birthrate among them (CTD. In Francoise and Tavern 80). Although parents and other people will still have the belief that instructing youth on sex education will increase their chance of having sex, there are many people who say that it does not increase the amount, but it does assist those who are already having sex to make good decisions about protecting themselves. When looking at different statistics for teen pregnancy and Studs comparing the United States to other Countries that have extensive sex education courses, there are tremendous differences. Youth in the United States are experimenting in sexual activities at younger ages than they have in the past. According to the book Sexual Values, One-fourth of all girls and one-third of all boys have had intercourse by age 15; 75% of females and 86% of males by age 19 (181). This is an alarming amount of youth participating in sexual activities. An article written in a youth magazine in Australia says The U. S. Pregnancy rate is 53 per 1000 teenagers. Holland, which has had explicit sex education for decades has a rate of 5 per 1000, as is Australias. Only 6% of the births in Queensland are to teenagers (Divided Opinion). Many youth that are participating in sexual activities are doing so unprotected, and according to some research young people 1 5 to 24 account for about half the new cases of sexually transmitted diseases in the United States each year (Sherman). According to the book Safer Sex: The New Morality, Teens in the United States contract about 3 million Stys each year. Chlamydia is n the rise, with severe consequences. Our generator rate is 25 times higher than Germany. In the general population, the United States rate of AIDS is ten times more than four times higher than the rate in France. One in five people in the United States has an SST. About 25 percent of sexually experienced adolescents are infected. (Learn 153) These other countries listed include sex education in their school curriculum and their statistics are better than the United States. Of course parents should be teaching their children sex education, but schools play a vital and long-standing role in adolescents lives. Many parents find talking about sex education difficult, and that they are not sure of all of the information that youth may want to discuss. Schools have been designed to provide youth with complete information in order for them to be better informed and be able to make their own educated Judgments. One person has been quoted as saying: I ask those who oppose sex education: How could education ever be wrong? How could ignorance ever be right? What good is reading, writing and arithmetic to a student who will die of AIDS because he or she was denied education by our schools? There are many reasons why schools must educate students on life issues like protective sex education. Ignorance is not bliss. (Sexual Values 179) No parents would want their children to be uneducated, and when it comes to sex education, there should be no difference in that belief. As previously mentioned, there have also been studies which have shown that other countries whom include sex education into their curriculum may not have less teen sex, but teens wait anywhere from a year to two years longer than here in the United States, have less teen pregnancies, and lower rates of sexually transmitted sissies. By looking at this kind of information, what better way to have youth educated on issues that are discussed in sex education, than to have it taught by schools? Schools may not get into the religious views on sex, but schools can at least ensure that youth have correct information. Very few people will choose to abstain from sex until marriage, so youth need all valid information to be able to make informed choices when they choose to participate in sexual activities, whether before or during marriage. The only way to make sure youth received complete information s to have schools teach sex education as well as the parents. Sex Education Essay Example Sex Education Essay Something thats being overlooked is this situation: Whether students are taught sex education in elementary school or not, those students will most likely learn about sex through some other means anyways. However, sex education should not be taught in elementary school. First of all, if schools were to teach sex education at the elementary level, it would only make children more curious about sex and we all know what curiosity did to the cat right? Furthermore, what would be accomplished by teaching students sex education in elementary school? Lastly, there are other subjects that we could be putting more emphasis on instead of sex at the elementary level. So no, elementary students should not have sex education classes. When dealing with the topic of sex, it is a great idea to know who youre dealing with when trying to explain it. As good as teachers know their students, the parents of the students are better off trying to explain sex to the students. Especially at the elementary level. It would take someone who the students saw as an authority figure to teach them about sex and sorry to say, all students do not feel as if their teachers have authority over them. We will write a custom essay sample on Sex Education specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Sex Education specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Sex Education specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer To make matters worse, since students would not feel like the teachers could tell them what they could and could not do, they might actually decide to try it. It is the same as telling children not to play with fire. Ever notice how many children still end up with burns? Curiosity did indeed kill the cat. Something else to consider when thinking about whether students should be taught sex education in elementary school: What are the benefits and do they outweigh the potential problems that could come with it? Yes, students being aware of sex and all of its problems would help them. But it could potentially hurt them as well. If schools are going to teach sex education, they should focus on abstinence and not just the intercourse part. Polluting the minds of children at that young of an age, you also want someone who is TRAINED to teach children about sex. That way they do not include their own morals or beliefs into teaching it. The final con to teaching to sex education in elementary school is this: Reading, writing and math need to improve. So instead of putting more time (and money) into a different subject, we SHOULD be putting more effort into those core subjects to see improvement. When looking for a job, sex education is inferior to arithmetic and english skills. Thats why those subjects should be our main concern. Putting sex education above these only deprives us from learning skills that will actually help us to become successful in life and not just when dealing with sex.

Contemporary Labor Economics Book Summary

Contemporary Labor Economics Book Summary The book, â€Å"Contemporary Labor Economics† by McConnell, Brue, and Macpherson discusses comprehensive issues surrounding labor economics and variable that interact within its parameter. Factually, the authors are specific on theoretical perspectives, trial of these theories and presentation of their results in an interesting gesture.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on â€Å"Contemporary Labor Economics†: Book Summary specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Chapters seven, eight, nine, and ten dwell in compensation analysis, wage structure, mobility and unionization of labor variable and their effect in perfect and imperfect markets based on different assumptions. Thus, this reflective treatise attempts to explicitly review these chapters and identify specific issues discusses by the authors on compensation analysis, wage structure, mobility and its components, and unionization variables. Besides, the paper ide ntifies assumptions presented by these authors and how the same can be related to the contemporary labor market behavior. Chapter Seven The main topic of discussion in this chapter is the operation of fringe benefits and variable that affects it when being portioned to total compensation effect. Fringe benefits and wage earnings are identified as the main components of compensation summation. However, fringe benefits are apportioned a larger share in the total compensation matrix due to the fact that their influence has experienced a consistent growth over the last decade in the labor market. These fringe benefits are classified as social security, unemployment compensation and employee’s compensation for every unit of labor given. In classification, these fringe benefits assume the form of insurance benefits, paid leaves, and legally acquired benefits to a worker for every unit of labor delivered against the revenue realized. Besides these, retirement benefits and savings ar e included in the summation of the fringe benefits accrued by a worker. However, the type and form of fringe benefits are never universal. Rather, they are influenced by the type of industry in which labor operates, ration and occupational groups. This is due to the fact that governments and other agencies have introduced laws and regulations aimed at pushing for higher and reliable compensation.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In most instances, the authors opine that blue collar employees have a larger share of the legally, construed benefits than their counterparts in white collar jobs as redistribution economics operate. In a bid to extrapolate this relationship, the authors discuss the theory of optimal fringe benefits as a certain reason for the experienced growth over the last decades. Reflectively, the variables interacting within the parameters of this the ory are leisure and income within the normal indifference curve. Consequently, the resulting isoprofit curve becomes flexible to different bundles of budget constraints that might be present at each level of computation. Further, the authors assert that indifference curve is a product of various fringe benefits and wage rates that interact simultaneously to yield same utility level for each worker. When all other factors are held constant, higher swing of the indifference curve indicate higher levels of utility. Irrespective of the inclination of the indifference curve, it is apparent that levels of tax advantage determine the resultant fringe benefit accrued. Specifically, to support this notion, the authors prove that benefits accrued from pension plans are taxable upon confirmation of receivership by an employee. Besides, the principle, dividends and interest which are part of the summation of pensions, are best achieved through pretax accumulation on the fringe benefits. The aut hors identify the need for intrinsic substitution as a component of the decision science aimed at managing the fringe benefits. In such case, the forgone alternative would be forfeiting leisure related savings for health and pension needs which are characterized as basic for every worker. The adoption of this thought is influenced by the fact that basic needs are more critical than the secondary needs in the matrix of fringe benefits. Besides, the long term effects of purchasing the basic needs is greater than that of opting to acquire secondary needs upfront.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on â€Å"Contemporary Labor Economics†: Book Summary specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Another important concept addressed by these authors is the employer’s isoprofit curve. This curve addresses the interaction between labor efficiency and pay schemes. This curve measures the wages and fringe benefits as they interact at every level of the profit baseline. Tax advantages to employers, scale of economies, and efficiency are major factor that led to growth of fringe benefits. Therefore, as fringe benefits increase, the authors opine that workers utility will increase in the same ratio. In drawing the curve, the initial assumptions are that the market operates within a normal profit margin in total employment and product market as part of the overall compensation effect per worker. Generally, the authors are optimistic that substantial changes for each cluster of wages and benefits are negligible within the ‘employer’s isoprofit curve’. The same relationship functions in the Wage-Fringe optimum. As performance and pay interact in the labor market, the authors indicate that there is a proportional relationship between performance and pay for each unit of labor given to a firm (principal) against the compensation offered. Unbalance relationship between pay and performance may resu lt in principal-agent problem which might culminate in under utilization of labor units since the agent (employee) may opt to increase leisure through reduced efforts in work. In order to avoid this unwanted scenario, the authors propose different forms of incentive compensation such as tournament pay, royalties, profits, and bonuses plans. In most cases, employers control these incentives and limit them as a fraction of the total revenue after factoring cost of production and each labor unit. When implementing these incentive plans, it is important to concentrate on personal performance bonuses as opposed to team bonuses which promote joyride attitude among workers since the process has no specific measure for distributing incentives. The firm can also opt for equity compensation under which employees are encouraged to take ownership of the firm in form of stocks.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More When implanting compensation plans, it is important for the firm to consider the efficiency of each labor unit against the wage payments. These units should be quantified in line with performance targets and revenue accrued. In order to achieve this, the authors propose introduction of regulatory agents such as supervisors who work alongside the employees. As a result, the fractional reduction of labor cost per unit on the budget of an employer is referred to as the resultant wage efficiency matrix. This matrix is dependent on homogeneous labor inputs wages at market-clearing parameters. Conclusively, this chapter introduces the aspect of theories in explaining the interaction between compensation and efficiency of labor units within and without the equilibrium. Chapter Eight The wage structure forms the main topic of discussion in this chapter. Reflectively, the authors state that equilibrium and transitional wage differentials offer valid explanation on the elicit labor differenti al persistence in the labor markets. Interestingly, the authors relate homogeneous jobs to perfect competition within the labor market. In the ideal, workers will have limited option apart from changing jobs until optimal satisfaction is achieved through creation of a theoretical balanced characterized by identical wage payment across same industry. However, in reality labor wage rate variances are persistent in both empirical and casual rates despite the theoretical balance. These variances are attributed to inconsistency between casual and empirical wage rate reviews. The authors state that nonwage factors such as fringe benefits, job location, job status, wage advancement prospects, earnings regularity, and risk of death or injury in a job have substantial influence on supply decisions since they form part of wage differentials. Consequently, their intrinsic influence forms part of the overall wage differentials that are part of the generated labor supply effect. Skills and exper ience are as important as the nonwage factors on wage differentials. In the ideal scenario, that is, all other factors are held constant, when there is a decision crisis involving review of wages in a production line, a rational employer would opt for increasing wages paid to highly skilled workers an employee retention strategy. The rate of wage increase will be higher for the highly skilled than what the low skilled counterparts eventually get. Efficiency of wage theories offers a better explanation on the above scenario. These theories are based on the same notion that higher turnover of labor units translate into higher wages paid, even though the ratio may not be proportional in perfect and imperfect labor markets. Besides, labor environments with limited quantifiable variables for reviewing performance are a recipe for high wages given to employees since the principal may not be in a position to measure efficiency of each labor unit against wage compensation. Further, the auth ors concur that heterogeneous workers are responsible for the continuous wage disparities since the group competes on the nonwage aspects of work within a varying stock capitals that are of human nature. Consequently, the quantifiable result would be unbalanced labor preferences within differing market consistency on every unit of labor. The authors propose hedonic theory of wages to classify this form of interaction between workers that have wage preference variances when interacted with ideal job amenities of nonwage nature. The most likely effect would be the standard labor market’s inability to churn wage differentials that are sustainable for employees sharing similar capital stocks of human nature and counterparts with varying capital stocks of human nature. Market information placement in presented as another vital determinant of wage differentials. Market information influences the behavior of the labor market, its efficiency, and optimal operation. Thus, imperfect an d costly market labor information is a major contributor towards persistent labor differentials at micro and macro levels of the labor market. Besides, when their effect is long term, then outcome may assume the form of long-lasting differential wage imbalances that are transitional from a period to another. Consequently, wage structure immobilites such as institutional, geographic, and institutional may last longer than usual. Reflectively, these immobilites are clear indicators of differences in wage rates within a similar industry for workers with same educational level, skills, and experience. Chapter Nine The baseline issue of this chapter is the determinants of mobility and their influence on labor market variables. The two major types of mobility are categorized as occupational geographical mobility. Reflectively, occupational mobility depends on labor units and profession of the worker. On the other hand, geographical mobility is influenced by location and change of the same due to changes in geographical location of labor provision environment. In the process of changing occupational and geographical location, the underlying decision science is the overall effect of the same on capital structure of a worker. Generally, overall expected outcome is measured as a ratio of total cost of investment on the relocation. For instance, transportation expenses, psychic costs, and forgone income during transition form part of the cost matrix. The main factors that influence every geographical pr occupational migration are family status, distance, educational level, likelihood to move, and age of the worker. The chances of moving and age are often inversely proportional since older people prefer a settled life than younger people. Family status and education attainment share a positive relationship with mobility forces in the labor markets. However, likelihood of movement and distance to cover share a negatively skewed relationship to mobility intentions. Specific ally, the unemployed have a more likelihood to migrate than the employed. In addition, when the destination exhibits higher chances of unemployment, then movement towards that location may be very minimal in the mobility decision framework. As a variable of the market labor mobility, efficiency in ‘allocative’ contributors is significant in balancing distribution of labor units between low and high employment values. Reflectively, then value of marginal product determines forms the regulatory effect on perfect competition and costless movement. The two components will swing until the regulator balances for employments sharing sale efficiency on ‘allocativeness’. However, this interaction holds in a labor market with perfect knowledge of all determinant variables operating in a similar employment industry. Due to similar experience, skills, and educational attainment, the wage rates are likely to balance as the regulator moderate the two determinant variable s at constant mobility parameter. Despite the perfect regulation, several interacting externalities are identified as determinants of migration ease. As a result, these externalities are associated with minimization of gains realized on the migration efficiency matrix. The worst case occurs when pecuniary externalities interact with ‘allocative efficiency’ to further minimize these gains. The authors propose wage differentials to balance the effect of these externalities. In different labor markets, wage differentials generate a recurring capital and product flows that interact concurrently to initiate an equalized balance on wages in long term. Besides, it minimizes the extent of labor migration. Adopting a comparative statistics, the authors present data on the position immigrations related to labor within America at more than half a million annually. Interestingly, this figure upsurges yearly. Due to an influx of the illegal immigrants in the labor market, the author s conclude that they are responsible for the depressed wage rates in the casual labor market. However, their influence is inconsequential, especially at macro level of the labor market. Chapter Ten Labor unionization is the main topic of discussion in this chapter. As a result of industrialization, the authors assert that labor management moved from being individual oriented to a group issue. The process occurred gradually has spread across the entire labor markets across the world. Labor unions command the ratio of 1:9 of the entire world workforce. That is, for every ten workers, one has been unionized. The comparative study indicates that productive industries boast of stronger labor unions than service provision counterparts. The same relationship is indicated in public verse private entities. The former commands better organized labor unions than the latter. This chapter indicates that determinants of ease of unionization include race, age, and gender. Reflectively, male worker s belong to more unions than their female counterparts. Therefore, the more enlightened population in urban industries are likely to being to a labor union than their coworkers in remote rural settings due to dynamics of urban settlement. The three key components of a typical labor union include the peak line consisting of an organ entrusted with formulating protection policies and pushing for their implementation with employers. The middle part of the labor union triangle comprises of an organ that negotiates with individual employers on better terms for their members and check the excesses of their principal. The baseline of the labor union triangle comprises of agents entrusted with the duty of recruiting more members and offering legal advice. The survival of labor unions is currently under threat due to the dynamics of a modern workplace. As nations pass laws to protect employees, the role of labor unions has been greatly reduced. Besides, interaction between the domestic outpu t and demographic structure has made it difficult for labor unions to operate smoothly. In addition, modern employees have introduced effective public relations programs among their employees who have better avenues for expressing their grievances within moments without necessarily politicizing every conflict. Besides labor union characteristics, the paper identifies two union models, that is, monopoly union model and ideal model. Under the monopoly union model, the underlying assumption is that the union is responsible for setting the most appropriate wage rates as the firm controls the union’s employment level on the preset wage rate. Reflectively, this scenario shows that wages are likely to increase as employment levels decline at perfect market interaction parameter. However, the efficiency and practicality of this model is faulted by the authors since it may prove difficult to strike a balanced relationship between the wage rate setters and employment level regulator. I n most case, there is a higher chance that one person may reap absolute benefits as the other party is reduced to a worst-off position. Reflectively, the ideal model is a moderator of the monopoly model. Also referred to as the efficient contract model, this model offers collective bargain opportunity for the two parties over employment level and wage rates. Since it is a flexible model, both the principal and the agent are given an opportunity to balance their offers before striking a compromise deal. For instance, the union can lower supply of labor, increase demand for labor and negotiate an equilibrium wage bargain for its members. On the other hand, the principal (employer) has the options of controlling labor supply in order to operate within pareto efficiency brackets. In conclusion, this chapter identifies conflicts that are predominant in the interaction between the employer and trade union. These conflicts are theorized in the accident strike model which explains the alter native conflict resolution route when the parties cannot reach an agreement. Therefore, asymmetric information model offers the best explanation for conflict resolution without biasness when the principal and the agent differ.